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Complications of heart failure are common and preventive measures should be taken to decrease their severity. Heart failure can be acute or chronic. Heart failure is termed as acute when symptoms of heart failure develop over a period of few days and heart failure is termed as chronic when symptoms of heart failure develop over the period of months. Heart failure once occurs continue to progress unless intervened by pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions. There are various complications of heart failure. Some complications of heart failure occur due to heart failure itself while other complications occur due to the pharmacological or non-pharmacological treatment of heart failure. Following are the few common complications of heart failure. Complications of Heart Failure: 1. Uremia: Uremia is a complication of heart failure. It may occur as a result of diuretic therapy. The low cardiac output which is present in heart failure contributes to the progression of urem

Echocardiography is a technique in which ultrasound waves are used to detect any abnormality in the heart structure and function. The probe can be placed on the chest wall which is called trans-thoracic echocardiography or an endoscope-like probe is inserted into the oesophagus and then echocardiogram is taken. With the help of echocardiography one can detect; ( Benefits of Echocardiography ) 1. Size of all four chambers of the heart. 2. Ejection fraction, which corresponds to the assessment left the ventricular function 3. Myocardial Ischemia or infarction; The dead or ischemic wall will show an abnormal motion on echocardiography. 4. Papillary Muscle dysfunction, Mitral Regurgitation. 5. Left Ventricular Aneurysm. 6. Ventricular Septal Defect. 7. Left ventricular thrombus. ( also see an article on thrombus formation ) 8. Cardiac output. 9. Ventricular Hypertrophy. 10. Pericardial effusion. 11. Atrial septal defects. 12. Congenital abnormalities eg. tetralogy of Fallo

Dr Adil Ramzan had founded medicotips.com in 2008. He started this website when he was a medical student. He has written more than 900 articles so far and also started a forum of free health advice. Moreover recently medicotips.com has also started to add clinical questions where medical students can self-test their basic medical knowledge. Dr Adil Ramzan  was born on 8th August 1989 in Birote, a peripheral area of District Abbottabad Pakistan. He had done his matriculation from Syed Ahmed Shaheed Public High School Birote . After matriculation, his family shifted to Rawalpindi and he went to Islamabad Model College for Boys G10/4 Islamabad to complete his intermediate education in the pre-medical group. After that, he moved to Bannu Medical College, Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan and got the degree of “Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery from Khyber Medical University . After completing his graduation he joined various hospitals of Pakistan, Including Benazir Bhutt

Davidson's Principles and practice of medicine 22nd Edition have been released now. To download 22nd Edition of Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine Click Here . Davidson’s Principles and practice of medicine 21st Edition is considered the most authentic book of medicine worldwide. It has been taught as textbook in various medical colleges. You may download Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine 21st Edition in pdf format for Free by visiting the following link. Understanding the method of downloading Davidson’s Principle and Practice of Medicine 21st Edition can be confusing for new internet users or beginners.

Q: Sir, I am 35 year old male with good physical and medical condition and having the habit of regular exercise in morning time and doing regular yoga. I have been wearing specks for short sightedness for last 10 year and the power of specks are presently -1.50(with spherical -1 and cylindrical -.5) for both eye and varied in past between -1.25 to -1.50. In past I felt severe pain on my right side of the head and centre of pain was in just right from the centre of the brain. The pain was so severe and unbearable and last for 1 to 2 hour and recurred after 02 or 03 or 04th day. This type of pain I felt in past is about 3-4 time since I start wearing specks. Each time I felt pain, power of specks varies either or spherical or cylindrical. Since last two weeks I am feeling the same pain.when I visited for power check one optician checked my power for -1(-0.5 spherical -0.5 cylindrical)for both eye. My eye power improved this time may be due to better diet or exercise. but after wear

GYNECOMASTIA - Fibroadenoma – phylloides Tumor Papilloma Breast Disease Disorders that affect the breasts are very prevalent, it may be: congenital, functional and even malignancies. Although the increasing number of cases of breast cancer, benign changes (congenital, inflammatory and proliferative) still represent a group of disorders most frequently encountered in clinical practice. The complaint of breast pain is present in about 70% of women aged 17-45 years. A Cause of enlarged breasts in males is an increased level of circulating estrogens. Estrogens stimulate the breast tissue and result in enlarged breasts in males. 1 - Gynecomastia: Abnormal growth of breast tissue in male patients is called gynecomastia.(enlarged breasts in the male) This event occurs at puberty physiologically and elderly. Some drugs can also lead to gynecomastia such as Digitalis, anabolic steroids, and spironolactone etc. This change can also be caused by some chronic diseases such as chronic renal f

Q1:  I recently had my level checked and my testosterone level is 63. Does that cause anxiety and depression which I suffer from too. A1:  please mention the unit also. i mean is it 63 nano gram per deciliter? Q2: Yes it is 63 nanogram per deciliter. A2: Okay, it is a low level of testosterone, the normal range of testosterone is 260-1080 ng/dl. 63 ng/dl is a very low testosterone level. whatever your age is, it is low testosterone for an adult male. guys with a testosterone level below 400 start showing symptoms. In adulthood, low testosterone may lead to decreased sexual function and desire, infertility, and erectile dysfunction. Loss of hair decreased muscle mass, and osteoporosis or decreased bone density may occur. anxiety and depression are of course related to it. Low testosterone affects the manhood of a person which causes the feeling of deprivation. A person goes into depression and anxiety disorders. Now to treat the low testosterone level we have to find