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TYPE 3 (IMMUNE COMPLEX MEDIATED)HYPERSENSITIVITY-Pathogenesis-Causes-Effects-Diseases Ag = Antigen Ab= Antibody Ag-Ab complexes are formed in this disorder which deposits in various tissues and induce inflammation in them and gradually destroys them. Ag-Ab complexes formation is a normal phenomenon in most of the situations but they do not deposit normally. It is the size of the complexes or the functional or structural abnormality of the mononuclear phagocytic cells which render the Ag-Ab complexes to be deposited in various locations. Charge and three-dimensional structure of the immune complexes, the valency of the Ag, the affinity of the Ag to various tissue components and hemodynamic factors also play roles in the deposition of the complexes.

MedicoTips Team is very thankful to the following contributors who have sent their article for publication on this website. Dr. Haseeb Sattar: 1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)-Causes–Mechanism-Diagnosis, Treatment And Complicatons 2. CVS Examination-Cardiac Examination-With Symptoms Analysis 3. Analysis Of Cardiac Disease Symptoms-Cardiac Disease Symptoms 4. Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)-Causes-Diagnosis And Treatment Dr. Kakul Afridi:           1. Should Unani Medicines Be Included In MBBS? Muhammad Waseem Khan           1. EUTHANASIA AND ETHICAL ARGUMENTS: HUMAN DIGNITY AT STAKE IN RESPECTABLE AND LEGAL WAY Dr Izharul Hasan             1. Cupping-Hijama-Benefits Of Cupping (Hijama)-Indications-Why And How Cupping Works

Type 2 ( Antibody Mediated ) Hypersensitivity Reaction-Mechanism-Diseases and Examples •Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by antibodies directed against the Antigens (intrinsic or extrinsic and normal or altered) present on the cell surface or extracellular matrix. MECHANISM OF TYPE II (ANTIBODY MEDIATED) HYPERSENSITIVITY There are three mechanisms of type two hypersensitivity reactions. Each Mechanism gives rise to different clinical manifestation. •1)- Opsonization of cells by antibodies and complement components and ingestion by phagocytes. In this mechanism, antibodies are formed against antigens present on the cell surface. Antibodies opsonize the antigens for phagocytosis. Moreover, these Antibodies also stimulate the complement system which further opsonizes the cells for phagocytosis). Opsonization is a process in which antibodies combine with antigens and which are then recognized by the phagocytes for phagocytosis. •2)- Inflammation induced by antibodies binding

Muhammad Waseem Khan Ms Bioethics Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi Pakistan Lecturer Baluchistan University of Information Technology Engineering & Management Sciences Quetta Pakistan Email: mwaseem.tareen@yahoo.com Keywords: Autonomy, Euthanasia, Ethical, Proponents, Withhold. ABSTRACT Euthanasia and physician assisted suicide is considered to be in conflict with basic ethical principles of autonomy, justice, beneficence, non-maleficence and dignity in medical practice. Euthanasia being allowed in few states has raised certain ethical questions which are due to be given importance and need to be answered. Proponents of euthanasia argue in favor of passive euthanasia to be allowed and they consider it to be legal and permissible and need of the day. They tend to forget the importance of advancement being made in the field of medical sciences and medical technology. Theses advancements are deemed to be used for the benefit of human beings rather than using for taking hum

Type One Hypersensitivity Reaction-Causes-Types-Phases-Mediators and Examples Of Type One Hypersensitivity Reaction Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction: •A rapidly developing immunologic reaction occurring within minutes after the combination of an antigen (allergen in this case) with antibody bound to mast cells in individuals previously sensitized to that antigen. These reactions are often called allergies. Key: Ig= Immunoglobulin ,  Abs = Antibodies,  Ags= Antigens, IgE = Immunoglobulin E, Pathogenesis Of Type One Hypersensitivity Reaction •Primary response (Sensitization of the person): –Antigens (Allergens) bind to B lymphocytes & stimulate them. They form both plasma cells and memory cells. The plasma cells produce IgEs (attach to mast cells in the vicinity) while the memory cells remain as armed guards in that area. This primary response is usually weak and subsides by itself if the dose of the Ags is small or the exposure is single and for a short time but the Memory B ce

eye changes Forensic Thenatology: Thenatology is the branch of science which deals with the forensic study of death. In the following flash video you will see; 1. Signs of somatic death 2. Eye changes 3. Skin Changes 4. Algor Mortis (reduction in body temperature following death) 5. Livor Mortis (Purple or bluish discoloration of the dependent parts of the dead body) 6. Changes in the Muscles (Rigor Mortis - Muscular rigidity) 7. Putrefaction 8. Adipocere formation 9. Mummification

HISTORY PATIENT'S PROFILE: PATIENTS NAME: Farzana AGE: 24yrs EDUCATION: I ntermediate OCCUPATION: H ousewife HUSBANDS NAME:  Ahmed AGE:                    28yrs EDUCATION:    Bachelors OCCUPATION: Shopkeeper in supermarket Islamabad PRESENTING COMPLAINTS ¬SEVERE DYSURIA __ 2days ¬DISTRESING PAIN IN VULVAR REGION__2days ¬RASH IN VULVAR REGION ¬VAGINAL DISCHARGE HISTORY OF PRESENTING COMPLAINTS ¬ G3P2 at GA 23wk presented on 17th Aug 2009 with c/o severe dysuria and distressing pain localized to the vulvar region with the appearance of the rash in the vulvar region for the last two days ¬There is also vaginal discharge which is thin watery non-itchy and odourless ¬Also complains of malaise and body aches ¬There is no other associated systemic complaint OBSTETRICAL HISTORY: MARRIED FOR : 4 years CONSANGUINITY: negative GRAVIDITY &PARITY: LMP 1/3/2009 EDD 8/12/2009 G3 P2 A0 ALL SVDS at the hospital all brea

1. How would i explain to a family member with no science background about the connection between cholera and cystic fibrosis? A: Yes a connection between cholera and cystic fibrosis exists, cystic fibrosis decreases the incidence of cholera in diseased as compared to those who don't have cystic fibrosis. In cystic fibrosis, the innermost layer of gut and lungs is affected. There is a defect in the salts channels (pores) and salts can't come out of the lining cells and enter into the lumen of the gut. we know that Salts have a tendency of bringing water along with them. In cystic fibrosis as these salt channels don't allow the movement of salts out of the cells, the concentration of salts in the lumen decreases, which in turn decreases the amount of water in the lumen. Cholera toxin affects by increasing the movement the salt out of the cells, As more salt enters into the lumen of the gut, it brings along more water with it which result in diarrhea. In individuals with

Should Unani Medicine be included in M.B.B.S? Health or illness is a combination of our genetic factors and our interaction with nature and surroundings. It is almost impossible to change our genetic make-up, but we can do a lot to overcome our genetic weaknesses and hence prevent diseases that are caused by pollution, surroundings etc. Unani treatment not only cures the disease but also enhances the immunity and resistance power of the body. The biggest strength of Unani medicine lies in the fact that it has no side-effects except in rare cases. While the greatest weakness of Allopathic medicine is that it is loaded with side-effects. Another weakness of Allopathic medicine is that it offers little help in chronic diseases like diabetes, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis etc, though it offers instant relief in acute cases. Allopathic medicine has strengths as well as weaknesses. In order to combat its weaknesses, the Unani System of Medicine should be combined with the Allopathic System of

Autopsy-Types-Objectives-Procedure-External and Internal Examination Of Dead Body-Findings-Report Play the Flash Video present below. Following lecture is delivered by Dr. Tayyab Saeed Akhtar at Foreign Students Academy Rawalpindi. Follow Topics are covered: 1. Autopsy Definition and Types 2.Objectives Of Medicolegal Autopsy 3. Preliminaries to a medicolegal autopsy 4. Examination Of the dead body. (External and Internal Examination) 5. Autopsy Techniques 6. Incisions 7. Skull and brain Examination 8. Spine and Spinal Cord Examination 9. Neck, Thorax and Abdomen Examination 10. Dissection of the heart 11. Dissection of the bronchial tree and lungs. You can either click on the buttons to move the slides or you can simply click on a slide to move to the next slide. We hope that you will find this video informative and helpful.

Play the following flash file and read the clinical scenario and make your probable diagnosis and discuss it by posting comments below ( scroll down ). Question is: • A 65 year old lady with no known pre- morbids presented in ER with severe central chest pain for 3 hours radiating to left arm. Following ECG (play flash file) changes were noted. What is the most likely diagnosis & what further steps would you like to take to confirm the diagnosis?   For rest of details Play the following Flash Video: You can either click on the buttons to move the slides or you can simply click on a slide to move to the next slide. We hope that you will find this video informative and helpful.

Osteoporosis-Causes-Risk factors-Prevention and Treatment What is Osteoporosis? Osteoporosis is a disease of bones. In this disease, bone mass decreases and bones become, fragile and more likely to break. Hip bone, vertebrae and wrist bones are more vulnerable to break. Hipbone and spine fractures are a major concern. A hip fracture almost always requires surgery and hospital admission and spine fracture results in serious consequences, for instance, loss of height, severe back pain, and deformity. What are the causes of osteoporosis? The exact cause of osteoporosis is not known. Our bone is continuously being formed and broken down. But in younger age, the bone-forming cells form new bone at a faster rate than those cells which absorb older bone. But the ability of these bone-forming cells to form new bone decreases with increasing age. Therefore, in older age, Bone mass decreases because bone forming cells don’t work properly and bones become fragile, weak and vulnerable to fractur

You must read the following related articles too; 1.  Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice in neonates causes symptoms and treatment (click here) 2. Phototherapy to reduce neonatal bilirubin level and jaundice. (click here) 3. When should exchange transfusions be given? (click here) Pharmacological or Drug Therapy for neonatal jaundice. •Antibiotics if septicemia present. •Adequate feeding. •Prevent Rh-isoimmunization in the mother by giving Rh0(D) immune globulin(Rhogam) injection within 2 hours of Rh-positive infants. •Phenobarbitone •Metallo porphyrins •A 500mg/kg dose of i.v immunoglobulin given to the infant as soon as the diagnosis is established. 

Exchange transfusion is performed if intensive phototherapy (what is phototherapy click here)  has failed to reduce bilirubin levels to a safe range and if the risk of kernicterus exceeds the risk of the procedure or the infant has signs of kernicterus. Potential complications from exchange transfusion are not trivial and include acidosis, electrolyte abnormalities, hypoglycemia, thrombocytopenia, volume overload, arrhythmias, NEC, infection, graft vs host disease, and death. This widely accepted treatment is repeated if necessary to keep indirect bilirubin levels in a safe range. •Various factors may affect the decision to perform an exchange transfusion in an individual patient. The appearance of clinical signs suggesting kernicterus is an  indication for exchange transfusion at any level of serum bilirubin. A healthy full-term infant with physiologic or breast milk jaundice may tolerate a concentration slightly  higher than 25 mg/dL with no apparent ill effect, whereas kernicter

Phototherapy To Reduce Bilirubin Level In Neonate-Mechanism and Effects: The ancient people knew this effect. Even in the rural area of Pakistan and other countries, the mothers keep their baby in sun for several minutes because they know that this sun energy imparts some beneficial effects on their baby. Now we are going to learn how solar energy helps a neonate. Every newborn baby has 11 million RBCs per millilitre (normal adult level is 5 million RBCs/mm cube) These RBCs also have a shorter lifespan. After birth, the neonate is exposed to environmental oxygen. So the extra RBCs undergo destruction and within few weeks RBCs level reduces to lower level. The increased destruction of RBCs leads to the excessive formation of bilirubin. Which imparts a yellow colour to the baby's skin which is known as neonatal jaundice. ( read this article to have a clear idea about neonatal jaundice - Indirect hyperbilirubinemia in the neonate, causes, signs and symptoms and treatment ) •Clinical

Forensic Medicine-Components-Wounds And Classification Of Wounds Below is the flash video of the lecture delivered by Dr. Tayyab Saeed Akhtar at Foreign Students Academy Rawalpindi on the topic of Forensic Medicine, Wounds and classification of Wounds. Moreover, This is a brief overview of forensic medicine, forensic medicine components, wounds, different types of wounds, classification of wounds, appearance of wounds etc, so that in less time you get comparatively larger concept and information. you can either click on the buttons to move the slides or you can simply click on a slide to move to the next slide. We hope that you will find this video informative and helpful.

Asphyxia-Investigation-Changes In Asphyxia-Pictures-Conceptual Flash Lecture By Dr. Tayyab  Below is the flash video of the lecture delivered by Dr. Tayyab Saeed Akhtar at Foreign Students Academy Rawalpindi on the topic of Asphyxia, Asphyxial deaths investigation, changes in Asphyxia and Some pictures of those who died of asphyxia are also included. you can either click on the buttons to move the slides or you can simply click on a slide to move to the next slide. We hope that you will find this video informative and helpful.

For more than two years we are providing quality education to foreign medical students. A huge number of students appearing in their P.M.D.C exam have passed and doing house jobs, and the last session was not an exception..... Not only the licensing examine but internees can benefit from our classes too.... Internees have classes for both basics and clinical subjects, which they take alongside their internship. These classes are for 4-6 months duration. We coach for all the aspects of this exam, may it be basic subjects, clinical theory classes or clinical viva classes on patients with very special emphasis on instruments and clinical methods. 'Knowledge is the key to success' so we prefer to give the understanding of the subject than cramming of M.C.Q.s and S.E.Q.s. Classes held 5days a week, in the evenings. Tests are held on weekly basis & the it involves both M.C.Q. and essay type questions. We represent the finest lot of teachers for coaching our

Following lectures are from Forensic Medicine. You must have latest flash player installed and adblock add-on of your brower disabled before playing the flash file.  1. Forensic Medicine-Definition-Components-Wounds And Classification Of Wounds 2. Asphyxia-Investigation-Changes In Asphyxia-Pictures-Conceptual Flash Lecture By Dr. Tayyab 3. Autopsy-Types-Objectives-Procedure-External and Internal Examination Of Dead Body-Findings-Report 5: Forensic Thenatology-Signs Of Death-Changes In Dead Body With Time-Supported With Pictures 6. Forensic Toxicology 1. 

Following lectures are from special pathology. You must have latest flash player installed and adblock add-on of your brower disabled before playing the flash file. 1. Vascular Diseases-Flash Lecture By Dr. Tayyab 2. RBCs, Abnormalites Of RBCs, Anemia And Types Of Anemia Dr. Tayyab 3. WBC Disorders - Outlines - Dr Tayyab Lecture 4. Heart Diseases / Pathology Lecture

Following lectures are from general pathology. You must have latest flash player installed and adblock add-on of your brower disabled before playing the flash file. 1.   Inflammation - Signs Of Inflammation - Causes And Mechanism- Flash Lecture by Dr. Tayyab 2.  Cell Injury, Mechanism Of Injury, Necrosis, Apoptosis, Cellular Adaptations And Intracellular Accumulations

Definition: Elevation of indirect serum bilirubin level more than 10mg/dl in an infant is called indirect hyperbilirubinemia. The exact definition of a physiologic range and management is complex and based on many factors including gestational age, postnatal age, birth weight, disease state, risk factors, degree of hydration, nutritional status, and ethnicity Bilirubin : •Non-polar, water-insoluble compound requiring conjugation with glucuronic acid to form a water-soluble product that can be excreted through kidneys. Unconjugated Bilirubin can't be excreted through kidneys. Conjugation of bilirubin occurs in Liver. It is reversely bound to albumin. Bilirubin Physiology •Increased production of bilirubin in neonate occurs due to larger red cell volume, which produces bilirubin as cells are broken down •Heme is catabolized within the reticuloendothelial system by heme oxygenase to form biliverdin. •Biliverdin is metabolized to bilirubin in the presence of biliverdin Reduct

Vascular Diseases-Polyarteritis Nodosa-Wegener's Granulomatosis-Kawasaki Disease-DVT-Varicose Veins-Flash Lecture By Dr. Tayyab you can either click on the buttons to move the slides or you can simply click on a slide to move to the next slide. This is flash video of the lecture delivered by Dr. Tayyab Saeed Akhtar at Foreign Students Academy Rawalpindi Pakistan. This is a brief video which gives basic concept and overview of the vascular diseases.

Inflammation - Signs Of Inflammation - Causes And Mechanism- Flash Lecture by Dr. Tayyab Saeed Akhtar You can either use the buttons to play and move the slides or you can simply click on the slides to move to next slide.

Clubbing Of Nails In Clubbing there is loss of angle between nail and nail base.  Nails are felt swollen on palpation. Causes Of Clubbing Of Nails Diseases of different organ systems may cause clubbing Clubbing Of Nails Respiratory Causes Of Clubbing of Nails 1. Bronchiectasis 2. Lung abscess (lung abscess-treatment-causes-signs and symptoms) 3. Empyema 4. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD . Which include Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis. 5. Cystic Fibrosis 6. Fibrosing alveolitis 7. Carcinoma Of Lungs. 8. Mesothelioma 9. Tuberculosis ( tuberculosis and types of tuberculosis ) Cardiovascular Causes Of Clubbing of Nails 1. Cyanotic Heart Disease 2. Tetralogy Of Fallot ( Tetralogy Of Fallot Xray Diagnosis ) 3. Transposition Of Great Vessels.  4. Infective Endocarditis ( clinical features of infective endocarditis ) 5. Atrial Myxoma 6. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR; a rare condition in which the pulmonary vein

Diarrhea is a condition of having three or more loose or watery stools per day. The Most common infectious causes of diarrhea are given below. The Most Common Diarrhea Causing Pathogens: There are many causes of infectious diarrhea. Among viruses, Norovirus is the most common cause of diarrhea in elderly people while rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age. Adeno and astroviruses are also involved frequently in producing diarrhea. Among bacteria, Campylobacter is most commonly involved. Shigella, Salmonella and E. Coli are also involved Frequently. Parasites usually don't cause diarrhea except for Giardia. Giardia may cause diarrhea if untreated. Other Causes OF Diarrhea: There are different Types of Diarrhea. Diarrhea can be secretory, Osmotic, Exudative, motility-related, inflammatory and blood mixed (dysentery) Secretory Diarrhea is most commonly caused by cholera toxin. Which stimulates the secretion of anions (negative i